Traefik is a modern, cloud-native reverse proxy and load balancer that discovers routing rules dynamically from configuration files, Docker labels, or Kubernetes annotations — eliminating most of the manual virtual host configuration required by Nginx or Apache. Version 3 introduces improved middleware composition, better gRPC support, and enhanced ACME (Let’s Encrypt) certificate management. On RHEL […]
Keepalived implements the Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) on Linux, allowing two or more servers to share a single virtual IP address (VIP). If the master server fails, the backup server automatically claims the VIP within seconds, providing high availability with no changes required on clients or DNS. On RHEL 9, Keepalived integrates cleanly with […]
Standard Linux memory pages are 4 KB, and the kernel must maintain a Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) entry for each mapped page. Database systems that manage large shared memory segments — such as PostgreSQL’s shared_buffers, Oracle’s SGA, or MySQL’s InnoDB buffer pool — can create millions of TLB entries, causing frequent TLB misses that significantly […]
The perf tool is the Linux kernel’s built-in performance analysis framework, capable of sampling CPU events, tracing system calls, counting hardware performance counters, and generating flame graphs — all without any changes to the application under test. On RHEL 9, perf integrates tightly with the kernel’s BPF and tracepoint subsystems, making it one of the […]
The Linux kernel exposes hundreds of tunable parameters through the sysctl interface, allowing system administrators to optimize network throughput, memory management, and file descriptor limits without recompiling the kernel. On RHEL 9, these tunables persist across reboots when placed in drop-in configuration files under /etc/sysctl.d/. Proper kernel tuning can dramatically reduce latency and increase throughput […]
VLAN tagging using the IEEE 802.1Q standard allows a single physical network interface to carry traffic for multiple isolated networks simultaneously. Each VLAN is identified by a numeric tag (1–4094) inserted into Ethernet frames, and the operating system presents each tagged VLAN as a separate logical interface with its own IP address and routing table. […]
Pacemaker is a high-availability cluster resource manager that, combined with the Corosync messaging layer, enables automatic failover of services between cluster nodes. When a node or service fails, Pacemaker detects the failure and restarts the affected resources on a surviving node, minimising downtime. This tutorial builds a two-node active/passive HA cluster on RHEL 9, configuring […]
NIC bonding combines multiple physical network interfaces into a single logical interface, providing link redundancy, increased throughput, or both — depending on the bonding mode selected. On RHEL 9, NetworkManager is the canonical tool for managing bonded interfaces, replacing the older ifcfg scripts. This tutorial covers creating a bond with nmcli, adding slave interfaces, assigning […]
ZFS (Zettabyte File System) delivers enterprise-grade data integrity features including checksumming, copy-on-write snapshots, built-in RAID, and efficient replication — without requiring a separate volume manager. Although ZFS is not included in RHEL 9’s default kernel, the OpenZFS project provides DKMS-based packages that work reliably on RHEL 9. This tutorial covers installing OpenZFS, creating pools and […]
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is the routing protocol that underpins the internet, exchanging routing information between autonomous systems (ASes). On RHEL 9, BIRD (BIRD Internet Routing Daemon) provides a robust, actively maintained BGP implementation suited for both lab environments and production edge routers. This tutorial walks through installing BIRD 2 on RHEL 9, writing a […]
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