Rootkits are malicious software packages designed to gain persistent, hidden root-level access to a system by replacing or patching critical binaries, kernel modules, or configuration files. Two widely used open-source tools — rkhunter (Rootkit Hunter) and chkrootkit — complement each other by using different detection techniques: signature databases, hash comparisons, and behavioural checks. On RHEL […]
nftables is the modern replacement for iptables, ip6tables, arptables, and ebtables, and it ships in the RHEL 8 kernel by default. It uses a single unified rule language, supports atomic rule set replacement, and performs better at scale due to its netlink-based architecture. While firewalld can use nftables as its backend, many system administrators prefer […]
Although firewalld ships as the default firewall manager on RHEL 8, some administrators prefer the well-known iptables command syntax for its long history, broad documentation, and deterministic rule ordering. RHEL 8 supports running iptables as a standalone service through the iptables-services package, which must be installed after disabling firewalld to avoid conflicts. This tutorial covers […]
Two-factor authentication (2FA) adds a second layer of security to SSH logins by requiring both something you know (a password or private key) and something you have (a time-based one-time password generated by an authenticator app). On RHEL 8, the Google Authenticator PAM module is available through EPEL and integrates with OpenSSH via PAM and […]
Lynis is a battle-tested open-source security auditing tool that scans your Linux system, identifies misconfigurations, and produces a prioritised list of hardening suggestions. On RHEL 8, it is available through the EPEL 8 repository and runs entirely from the command line without requiring a daemon or persistent service. After each scan, Lynis assigns a hardening […]
SELinux (Security-Enhanced Linux) is a mandatory access control (MAC) framework built into the Linux kernel and enabled by default on every RHEL 8 installation. Unlike discretionary access controls such as standard Unix permissions, SELinux enforces policy rules that confine processes to only the files, sockets, and capabilities they legitimately require, limiting the blast radius of […]
ClamAV is an open-source antivirus engine widely used on Linux servers to scan for malware in email attachments, uploaded files, and shared storage directories. Although Linux malware is less common than its Windows counterpart, RHEL 8 servers often act as intermediaries that receive and redistribute files to mixed-OS environments, making antivirus scanning an important layer […]
OpenVPN is a mature, battle-tested VPN solution that uses TLS for control-channel encryption and supports both UDP and TCP transports, making it highly adaptable to restrictive network environments. On RHEL 8 it is available from the EPEL repository, and the Easy-RSA toolkit simplifies the PKI management needed to issue server and client certificates. This guide […]
WireGuard is a modern, high-performance VPN protocol built into the Linux kernel since version 5.6, offering significantly simpler configuration and better performance than older alternatives like OpenVPN or IPsec. On RHEL 8, WireGuard can be installed via the ELRepo kernel module or the wireguard-tools package from EPEL, with the kernel module provided by the elrepo-kernel […]
SSH is the primary remote administration interface for most RHEL 8 servers, making it a prime target for brute-force attacks and unauthorized access attempts. A default OpenSSH installation leaves several insecure options enabled that should be disabled immediately after provisioning. This guide walks through a comprehensive SSH hardening process covering configuration directives, host access controls, […]
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