MySQL is the world’s most widely deployed open-source relational database, powering WordPress, Magento, Drupal, and countless custom web applications. RHEL 9’s AppStream does not include MySQL directly — it ships MariaDB as the default MySQL-compatible database. To install the latest MySQL 8.4 LTS (or MySQL 8.0), you must add the official MySQL Community repository from […]
Prometheus is a time-series metrics collection and alerting system widely used for monitoring cloud infrastructure and web servers. The nginx-prometheus-exporter (nginx-exporter) is a lightweight Go binary that reads Nginx’s built-in stub_status page and exposes the metrics in Prometheus format — active connections, total requests, connection states (reading, writing, waiting), and request rate. Combined with Grafana […]
A default Nginx installation serves content, but many security hardening steps are not enabled by default. Hardening Nginx means configuring HTTP security headers to prevent XSS, clickjacking, and MIME sniffing attacks; enforcing TLS 1.3 and strong cipher suites to eliminate outdated protocol vulnerabilities; enabling OCSP Stapling so clients can verify certificate validity without a round-trip […]
WebSockets provide full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP connection, enabling real-time features such as live chat, push notifications, collaborative editing, gaming, and live dashboards. Unlike standard HTTP, which is request-response, WebSocket connections are persistent and bidirectional — the server can push data to clients at any time without a client request. Nginx can act […]
Even when free trusted certificates from Let’s Encrypt are available for public domains, self-signed certificates serve important roles: development environments, internal network services, IoT devices, automated testing pipelines, and machine-to-machine communication within a private network. Unlike Let’s Encrypt certificates, self-signed certificates require no domain ownership verification or outbound internet access — they can be generated […]
A LAMP stack — Linux, Apache HTTP Server, MySQL (or MariaDB), and PHP — is the original and most widely deployed open-source web hosting stack. It has powered millions of websites since the early 2000s and remains the default for hosting control panels (cPanel, Plesk, DirectAdmin) and many shared hosting environments. Apache’s .htaccess support, mod_rewrite, […]
A LEMP stack — Linux, Nginx, MySQL (or MariaDB), and PHP — is the standard modern web server stack for hosting PHP applications such as WordPress, Laravel, Drupal, and Magento. Compared to the traditional LAMP stack, Nginx handles concurrent requests more efficiently under high load due to its event-driven non-blocking architecture, making it the preferred […]
OpenLiteSpeed (OLS) is the open-source version of LiteSpeed Web Server — one of the highest-performance HTTP servers available, purpose-built for serving PHP applications. OpenLiteSpeed uses an event-driven architecture similar to Nginx but includes a built-in PHP engine (LSAPI) that processes PHP requests 3–5x faster than PHP-FPM behind Nginx, eliminating the socket overhead of the FastCGI […]
HAProxy (High Availability Proxy) is a battle-hardened open-source load balancer and proxy for TCP and HTTP workloads. Where Nginx load balancing is sufficient for simple round-robin HTTP distribution, HAProxy provides a richer feature set: advanced health checks with multiple failure thresholds, ACL-based routing, Layer 4 TCP load balancing for non-HTTP protocols (MySQL, Redis, SMTP), detailed […]
Varnish Cache is a high-performance HTTP reverse proxy designed specifically for caching. Unlike Nginx FastCGI cache which caches PHP output files on disk, Varnish stores cached objects entirely in RAM and can serve tens of thousands of requests per second from memory. Varnish operates in front of your web server: it listens on port 80 […]
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