phpMyAdmin is a web-based graphical administration interface for MySQL and MariaDB databases. It allows developers and DBAs to manage databases, tables, rows, users, and permissions through a browser without needing to use the command-line MySQL client. phpMyAdmin is especially useful for non-technical users who need to browse data, run queries, import/export CSV or SQL files, […]
MongoDB is a document-oriented NoSQL database that stores data as BSON (Binary JSON) documents rather than rows in tables. This schema-flexible approach makes MongoDB ideal for applications with rapidly evolving data models, hierarchical data (product catalogs, user profiles, content management), geospatial queries, and high-volume write workloads. MongoDB 7.x introduced significant improvements including multi-document ACID transactions, […]
PostgreSQL (often called Postgres) is an advanced open-source relational database with a 35-year development history. Unlike MySQL/MariaDB, PostgreSQL prioritises SQL standards compliance, data integrity, and extensibility over speed-at-any-cost. PostgreSQL excels at complex queries, full-text search, JSONB document storage, geospatial data (PostGIS extension), and write-heavy workloads that require strong ACID compliance. It is the preferred database […]
MariaDB is a community-developed, fully open-source relational database and the default MySQL-compatible database in RHEL 9. It was created by the original MySQL developers after Oracle’s acquisition of MySQL and maintains complete protocol and API compatibility with MySQL applications. MariaDB 10.11 LTS is the current Long Term Support release, offering features that MySQL 8 does […]
MySQL is the world’s most widely deployed open-source relational database, powering WordPress, Magento, Drupal, and countless custom web applications. RHEL 9’s AppStream does not include MySQL directly — it ships MariaDB as the default MySQL-compatible database. To install the latest MySQL 8.4 LTS (or MySQL 8.0), you must add the official MySQL Community repository from […]
Prometheus is a time-series metrics collection and alerting system widely used for monitoring cloud infrastructure and web servers. The nginx-prometheus-exporter (nginx-exporter) is a lightweight Go binary that reads Nginx’s built-in stub_status page and exposes the metrics in Prometheus format — active connections, total requests, connection states (reading, writing, waiting), and request rate. Combined with Grafana […]
A default Nginx installation serves content, but many security hardening steps are not enabled by default. Hardening Nginx means configuring HTTP security headers to prevent XSS, clickjacking, and MIME sniffing attacks; enforcing TLS 1.3 and strong cipher suites to eliminate outdated protocol vulnerabilities; enabling OCSP Stapling so clients can verify certificate validity without a round-trip […]
WebSockets provide full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP connection, enabling real-time features such as live chat, push notifications, collaborative editing, gaming, and live dashboards. Unlike standard HTTP, which is request-response, WebSocket connections are persistent and bidirectional — the server can push data to clients at any time without a client request. Nginx can act […]
A LAMP stack — Linux, Apache HTTP Server, MySQL (or MariaDB), and PHP — is the original and most widely deployed open-source web hosting stack. It has powered millions of websites since the early 2000s and remains the default for hosting control panels (cPanel, Plesk, DirectAdmin) and many shared hosting environments. Apache’s .htaccess support, mod_rewrite, […]
HAProxy (High Availability Proxy) is a battle-hardened open-source load balancer and proxy for TCP and HTTP workloads. Where Nginx load balancing is sufficient for simple round-robin HTTP distribution, HAProxy provides a richer feature set: advanced health checks with multiple failure thresholds, ACL-based routing, Layer 4 TCP load balancing for non-HTTP protocols (MySQL, Redis, SMTP), detailed […]
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