Elasticsearch is a distributed, RESTful search and analytics engine built on Apache Lucene. It stores data as JSON documents in indices and provides near-real-time full-text search, log aggregation, metrics analysis, and complex aggregation queries through a simple HTTP/JSON API. Elasticsearch is the core component of the Elastic Stack (ELK Stack) — Elasticsearch stores and searches […]
SQLite is a self-contained, serverless, zero-configuration SQL database engine that stores an entire database in a single file on disk. Unlike MySQL, PostgreSQL, and MongoDB which require a running server process, SQLite is a library that is linked directly into the application — there is no network connection, no authentication, and no administration overhead. SQLite […]
Redis (Remote Dictionary Server) is an in-memory data structure store used as a cache, session store, real-time leaderboard, pub/sub message broker, and rate-limiting backend. Redis stores all data in RAM with optional disk persistence, making it orders of magnitude faster than relational databases for lookups: sub-millisecond response times at millions of operations per second. Common […]
PostgreSQL (often called Postgres) is an advanced open-source relational database with a 35-year development history. Unlike MySQL/MariaDB, PostgreSQL prioritises SQL standards compliance, data integrity, and extensibility over speed-at-any-cost. PostgreSQL excels at complex queries, full-text search, JSONB document storage, geospatial data (PostGIS extension), and write-heavy workloads that require strong ACID compliance. It is the preferred database […]
A default Nginx installation serves content, but many security hardening steps are not enabled by default. Hardening Nginx means configuring HTTP security headers to prevent XSS, clickjacking, and MIME sniffing attacks; enforcing TLS 1.3 and strong cipher suites to eliminate outdated protocol vulnerabilities; enabling OCSP Stapling so clients can verify certificate validity without a round-trip […]
A LAMP stack — Linux, Apache HTTP Server, MySQL (or MariaDB), and PHP — is the original and most widely deployed open-source web hosting stack. It has powered millions of websites since the early 2000s and remains the default for hosting control panels (cPanel, Plesk, DirectAdmin) and many shared hosting environments. Apache’s .htaccess support, mod_rewrite, […]
A LEMP stack — Linux, Nginx, MySQL (or MariaDB), and PHP — is the standard modern web server stack for hosting PHP applications such as WordPress, Laravel, Drupal, and Magento. Compared to the traditional LAMP stack, Nginx handles concurrent requests more efficiently under high load due to its event-driven non-blocking architecture, making it the preferred […]
Nginx FastCGI caching stores the output of PHP-FPM (or any FastCGI backend) responses as files on disk and serves them directly without hitting PHP for subsequent requests. For a WordPress site or PHP application serving the same page to many users, this can reduce PHP execution from 200ms to under 1ms and cut server load […]
Text-based HTTP responses — HTML, CSS, JavaScript, JSON, XML, SVG — compress dramatically with standard compression algorithms, often achieving 60–80% size reduction. Nginx supports two compression algorithms: gzip (built-in, universal browser support) and Brotli (via the ngx_brotli dynamic module, 15–20% better compression than gzip for text, supported by all modern browsers). Enabling compression is one […]
ModSecurity as a dynamic Nginx module extends Nginx with WAF capabilities, blocking SQL injection, XSS, command injection, and hundreds of other attack patterns defined by the OWASP Core Rule Set. Unlike the Apache version which uses the stable mod_security2, the Nginx connector uses the newer libmodsecurity3 C++ library with a ngx_http_modsecurity_module connector. On RHEL 9, […]
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