MySQL’s built-in metrics are powerful but not easily scraped. Prometheus mysqld_exporter is the standard exporter that translates MySQL status variables, InnoDB engine metrics, and replication lag statistics into the Prometheus exposition format. Combined with Grafana, the mysqld_exporter provides real-time dashboards covering query throughput, connection pool usage, InnoDB buffer pool hit rates, disk I/O, and replication […]
Memcached is a high-performance, distributed in-memory key-value cache designed specifically for caching database query results, session data, and computed values. Unlike Redis, Memcached is deliberately simple — it does not support persistence, replication, or complex data types. This simplicity makes Memcached extremely fast and memory-efficient: it uses a slab allocator to eliminate memory fragmentation and […]
Percona XtraBackup is the industry-standard open-source tool for online, non-blocking hot backups of MySQL and MariaDB InnoDB databases. Unlike mysqldump, which produces a logical SQL dump and requires more time for large databases, XtraBackup performs a physical backup — copying InnoDB data files directly while MySQL is running, without acquiring table locks that would block […]
MariaDB Galera Cluster is a synchronous multi-primary cluster for MariaDB/MySQL that provides true high availability with no single point of failure. Unlike standard primary-replica replication where only one node accepts writes and replicas are read-only, Galera Cluster allows writes to any node simultaneously — all nodes are always primary, always in sync, and always up-to-date. […]
ClickHouse is a column-oriented database management system (DBMS) designed for Online Analytical Processing (OLAP). Unlike row-oriented databases (MySQL, PostgreSQL) where each row is stored together — efficient for retrieving full records — ClickHouse stores each column separately, making it extremely efficient for aggregation queries that scan specific columns across billions of rows. ClickHouse can process […]
A single Redis instance has two failure modes: if the server goes down, all cached data is lost and every request hits the origin database; and if the dataset grows beyond a single server’s RAM, there’s no built-in way to distribute it. Redis provides two solutions: Redis Sentinel for high availability (automatic failover with a […]
Elasticsearch is a distributed, RESTful search and analytics engine built on Apache Lucene. It stores data as JSON documents in indices and provides near-real-time full-text search, log aggregation, metrics analysis, and complex aggregation queries through a simple HTTP/JSON API. Elasticsearch is the core component of the Elastic Stack (ELK Stack) — Elasticsearch stores and searches […]
SQLite is a self-contained, serverless, zero-configuration SQL database engine that stores an entire database in a single file on disk. Unlike MySQL, PostgreSQL, and MongoDB which require a running server process, SQLite is a library that is linked directly into the application — there is no network connection, no authentication, and no administration overhead. SQLite […]
PostgreSQL provides two complementary backup tools: pg_dump for logical backups of individual databases (SQL statements that can be restored to any PostgreSQL version) and pg_basebackup for physical backups of the entire database cluster (exact byte-for-byte copy of the data directory, used for streaming replication setup and point-in-time recovery). pg_dump is the right tool for most […]
PostgreSQL Streaming Replication sends WAL (Write-Ahead Log) records from a primary server to one or more standby servers in near-real-time, keeping standbys continuously synchronised with the primary. This provides high availability (automatic or manual failover when the primary fails), read scaling (queries can be distributed to hot standbys), and geographic redundancy. Unlike logical replication which […]
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