Why Audit Active Directory Changes Active Directory is the central trust authority for most Windows enterprise environments. Every privilege escalation, account takeover, lateral movement attempt, and persistence mechanism an attacker deploys will leave footprints in AD — if auditing is configured correctly. Without comprehensive AD change auditing, security teams are blind to account creation, group […]
Why LDAPS Instead of Plain LDAP By default, LDAP communications between clients and domain controllers on Windows Server 2022 travel over port 389 in plaintext. Every credential bind, directory query, and object modification is transmitted without encryption, making it trivial for any attacker with network access to capture password hashes, read sensitive directory attributes, or […]
AD LDS vs AD DS: Understanding the Difference Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS) is a standalone LDAP directory service that runs on Windows Server 2022 without requiring the full Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) infrastructure. While AD DS is the enterprise-wide identity store that controls domain logon, Group Policy, and Kerberos authentication, […]
What Is a Read-Only Domain Controller and When to Use It A Read-Only Domain Controller (RODC) is a special type of Active Directory domain controller introduced in Windows Server 2008 that holds a read-only, non-writable copy of the AD database. RODCs were designed primarily for deployment in branch offices, remote sites, and locations where physical […]
Introduction to Active Directory Backup and Restore Active Directory is the backbone of most Windows enterprise environments. Losing an AD domain controller without a reliable backup can mean hours or days of downtime, potential data loss, and significant security exposure. Windows Server 2022 provides robust tools for backing up and restoring AD, including the Windows […]
Overview of the Kerberos Protocol Kerberos is the default authentication protocol for Active Directory domains in Windows Server 2022. Developed at MIT and standardized in RFC 4120, it uses symmetric-key cryptography and a trusted third party — the Key Distribution Center (KDC) — to authenticate principals (users, computers, and services) without transmitting passwords over the […]
What Is Active Directory Federation Services Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) is a Windows Server role that provides federated identity and single sign-on (SSO) capabilities. It enables users to authenticate once against their organization’s Active Directory and then access applications and services in other organizations or cloud platforms without re-entering credentials. AD FS implements […]
Introduction to Active Directory Certificate Services Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) is a Windows Server role that provides customizable services for creating and managing public key infrastructure (PKI) certificates. Organizations use AD CS to issue digital certificates for authentication (smart cards, VPN, 802.1X), encrypting data in transit (SSL/TLS for internal websites), encrypting data at […]
Overview of Active Directory Replication Active Directory replication is the mechanism by which changes made to one domain controller (DC) are propagated to all other domain controllers in the domain and forest. Because Active Directory is a multi-master directory service, any DC can accept writes — including object creation, modification, and deletion. Replication ensures consistency […]
Introduction to Fine-Grained Password Policies In legacy Active Directory deployments, a single password policy applied to all users within a domain through the Default Domain Policy GPO. This was limiting for organizations that needed stricter controls on privileged accounts such as domain administrators or service accounts while maintaining a more relaxed policy for regular users. […]
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