A private Docker registry allows organisations to store and distribute container images internally, without relying on Docker Hub or a cloud registry. This is essential for teams working with proprietary application images that cannot be stored in public registries, organisations with strict data sovereignty requirements, and environments with limited internet access. Docker provides an official […]
Jupyter Notebook is an interactive computing environment that allows you to create documents containing live Python code, equations, visualisations, and explanatory text in a single file. Notebooks (.ipynb files) are the standard format for data exploration, machine learning experiments, scientific computing, and educational tutorials because they let you execute code in small cells, inspect results […]
Flask is a lightweight Python web microframework that provides only the essentials: URL routing, request/response handling, and Jinja2 templating. Unlike Django, Flask does not include an ORM, authentication, or admin interface by default — these are added through extensions like SQLAlchemy, Flask-Login, and Flask-Admin. This minimalism makes Flask the ideal choice for REST APIs, microservices, […]
Django is a high-level Python web framework that follows the “batteries included” philosophy — it provides an ORM, authentication, admin interface, form validation, URL routing, templating, and security middleware out of the box. This makes Django the framework of choice for data-driven applications and content management systems where rapid development and maintainability matter. Django’s ORM […]
Laravel is the most popular PHP web application framework, providing an expressive, MVC-based structure with built-in features including Eloquent ORM, Blade templating, database migrations, queues, events, broadcasting, and the Artisan CLI. Laravel follows convention-over-configuration to reduce boilerplate and accelerates development with scaffolding tools like Breeze (authentication starter kit) and Jetstream. This guide covers creating a […]
PgBouncer is a lightweight PostgreSQL connection pooler that solves one of PostgreSQL’s most common scalability problems: the high cost of creating new database connections. Unlike MySQL, PostgreSQL spawns a new OS process for each client connection, which consumes approximately 5–10 MB of memory and requires significant CPU time to establish. Web applications that open hundreds […]
RabbitMQ is a mature, battle-tested open-source message broker that implements the AMQP 0-9-1 protocol. It decouples application components by enabling asynchronous communication through exchanges, queues, and bindings. Producers publish messages to exchanges; exchanges route messages to queues based on routing rules (direct, topic, fanout, headers); consumers subscribe to queues and process messages independently of the […]
MySQL’s built-in metrics are powerful but not easily scraped. Prometheus mysqld_exporter is the standard exporter that translates MySQL status variables, InnoDB engine metrics, and replication lag statistics into the Prometheus exposition format. Combined with Grafana, the mysqld_exporter provides real-time dashboards covering query throughput, connection pool usage, InnoDB buffer pool hit rates, disk I/O, and replication […]
Memcached is a high-performance, distributed in-memory key-value cache designed specifically for caching database query results, session data, and computed values. Unlike Redis, Memcached is deliberately simple — it does not support persistence, replication, or complex data types. This simplicity makes Memcached extremely fast and memory-efficient: it uses a slab allocator to eliminate memory fragmentation and […]
A single Redis instance has two failure modes: if the server goes down, all cached data is lost and every request hits the origin database; and if the dataset grows beyond a single server’s RAM, there’s no built-in way to distribute it. Redis provides two solutions: Redis Sentinel for high availability (automatic failover with a […]
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