FreeBSD 12 — unbound — multiple vulnerabilities (18 CVEs) — patch and remediation guide

📖 ~4 min read  •  Source: FreeBSD VuXML

VuXML topic: unbound — Possible domain hijacking via promiscuous records in the authority section

Related CVEs: CVE-2011-1922 CVE-2011-4528 CVE-2014-8602 CVE-2017-15105 CVE-2019-16866 CVE-2019-18934 CVE-2020-12662 CVE-2020-12663  +10 more

Upstream summary: [email protected] reports: NLnet Labs Unbound up to and including version 1.24.0 is vulnerable to possible domain hijack attacks. Promiscuous NS RRSets that complement positive DNS replies in the authority section can be used to trick resolvers to update their delegation information for the zone. Usually these RRSets are used to update the resolver's knowledge of the zone's name servers. A malicious actor can exploit the possible poisonous effect by injecting NS RRSets (and po

Table of contents

1. Symptom & Impact
2. Environment & Reproduction
3. Root Cause Analysis
4. Quick Triage
5. Step-by-Step Diagnosis
6. Solution – Primary Fix
7. Solution – Alternative Approaches
8. Verification & Acceptance Criteria
9. Rollback Plan
10. Prevention & Hardening
11. Related Errors & Cross-Refs
12. References & Further Reading

Symptom & Impact

On FreeBSD 12 hosts that have unbound installed, operators see behaviour consistent with the FreeBSD VuXML entry: pkg audit flags the installed version; any daemon, CLI tool, or application linked against unbound may misbehave or fail to start after upgrade; and — for security-rated advisories — the host is exposed to the vulnerabilities above. Impact ranges from a single restart cycle to full availability incidents on jails, bhyve guests, or downstream consumers that depend on unbound.

Environment & Reproduction

Reproduction targets FreeBSD 12. Confirm release, installed package, and capture baseline state:

freebsd-version -kru
uname -a
pkg info unbound
pkg query "%n-%v" unbound
pkg audit -F
service -e

Trigger the workflow that exposes unbound — multiple vulnerabilities (18 CVEs) — patch and remediation guide while collecting:

tail -200 /var/log/messages
dmesg -a | tail -200
tail -200 /var/log/pkg.log

Root Cause Analysis

Root cause is tracked at FreeBSD VuXML. The FreeBSD ports security team shipped a corrective unbound port revision; hosts on an outdated build remain exposed. Correlate package logs with system logs and kernel state to isolate the change that triggered the failure mode:

tail -500 /var/log/pkg.log
tail -500 /var/log/messages
sysctl kern.lastpid
sysctl kern.osreldate     # numeric __FreeBSD_version, e.g. 1400097

Quick Triage

Run these checks on FreeBSD 12 to confirm the failure mode and current state of unbound:

pkg version -v unbound                # installed vs available version
pkg audit unbound                     # advisory match for this package
tail -100 /var/log/messages
dmesg -a | tail -100
kldstat                              # kernel module state (for kernel/driver pkgs)
pfctl -sr 2>/dev/null || ipfw list   # only if pf/ipfw is enabled
# If unbound ships an rc.d service (script name may differ from the pkg name,
# e.g. bind918→named, php83→php-fpm), check it:
service -e | grep -i unbound && service <rc-script-name> status

Step-by-Step Diagnosis

1. List enabled services (only relevant if the package provides one).

   service -e

2. Follow live logs.

   tail -F /var/log/messages
   dmesg

3. Validate firewall rules (skip if neither pf nor ipfw is enabled).

   pfctl -sr -v 2>/dev/null || ipfw show

4. Check package integrity for unbound.

   pkg check -B unbound
   pkg check -d unbound    # verify shared-library deps

5. Reinstall unbound if integrity check fails.

   pkg install -fy unbound

6. Correlate findings with /var/log/pkg.log and FreeBSD VuXML to pin the commit that introduced unbound — multiple vulnerabilities (18 CVEs) — patch and remediation guide.

Solution – Primary Fix

Install the corrective unbound port revision referenced by FreeBSD VuXML:

sudo pkg update
sudo pkg upgrade unbound              # or: sudo pkg upgrade -y for the whole system
# If unbound provides an rc.d service, restart it (script name may differ from pkg name):
# sudo service <rc-script-name> restart
pkg audit unbound                    # confirm no remaining advisory for this package

For ports-tree builders (FreeBSD 13.x and earlier used portsnap; on FreeBSD 14+ the ports tree is fetched with Git):

# FreeBSD 14+ (portsnap was removed):
sudo pkg install -y git-lite
sudo git clone --depth 1 https://git.FreeBSD.org/ports.git /usr/ports
# FreeBSD 13.x and earlier:
# sudo portsnap fetch update
cd /usr/ports/<category>/unbound
sudo make deinstall reinstall clean

Reboot only if the package ships a kernel module or replaces a shared library used by long-running daemons.

Solution – Alternative Approaches

If the primary fix is not viable, choose from these alternatives:

• Lock the package until the fix is vetted:

  sudo pkg lock unbound

• Downgrade to a known-good revision. pkg install pkgname-VERSION is not a real downgrade syntax — fetch a specific build instead:

  # 1. Discover available versions across configured repos:
  pkg search -e unbound
  pkg rquery -r FreeBSD-quarterly '%n-%v' unbound
  # 2. Install from a specific saved .pkg file:
  sudo pkg add -f /path/to/unbound-<older-version>.pkg
  # 3. Or switch the host repo to the quarterly branch (see snippet below) and:
  sudo pkg upgrade -fr FreeBSD-quarterly unbound

• Switch the pkg repository between quarterly and latest by editing /usr/local/etc/pkg/repos/FreeBSD.conf:

  FreeBSD: {
    url: "pkg+https://pkg.FreeBSD.org/${ABI}/quarterly",
    mirror_type: "srv",
    signature_type: "fingerprints",
    fingerprints: "/usr/share/keys/pkg",
    enabled: yes
  }

• Isolate the affected service in a jail with stricter firewall rules:

  iocage create -n unbound-jail -r 12.4-RELEASE
  iocage set allow_raw_sockets=0 unbound-jail
  # or with Bastille:
  bastille create unbound-jail 12.4-RELEASE 10.0.0.10

• Replace the service with a vendored static build for the period between exposure detection and full rollout.

Verification & Acceptance Criteria

All of these should pass after the fix:

pkg info unbound                # shows the expected fixed version
pkg audit unbound               # no advisory for this package (exit code 0)
tail -50 /var/log/messages   # no new errors after upgrade
# If unbound ships a service, confirm it is running under its rc.d name:
# service <rc-script-name> status

The original reproduction for unbound — multiple vulnerabilities (18 CVEs) — patch and remediation guide must not trigger across two consecutive runs.

Rollback Plan

Capture state before any change (only ZFS root has boot environments — UFS hosts skip bectl):

pkg query "%n-%v" > /root/pkg-pre.txt
# ZFS-on-root only:
sudo bectl create pre-unbound-patch

To revert if the upgrade is bad, reinstall the previously saved .pkg file:

sudo pkg add -f /var/cache/pkg/unbound-<previous-version>.pkg
# Or activate the pre-patch boot environment and reboot (ZFS-on-root only):
sudo bectl activate pre-unbound-patch
sudo shutdown -r now

For kernel/loader changes on a UFS host, boot the previous kernel from the loader prompt (press 3 at the menu, then boot kernel.old).

Prevention & Hardening

Prevent recurrence on FreeBSD 12 hosts running unbound:

• Enable the daily security pkg audit in /etc/periodic.conf:

  daily_status_security_pkgaudit_enable="YES"

• Subscribe to freebsd-security-notifications at lists.freebsd.org.

• Mirror through a local pkg repository managed by poudriere:

  poudriere jail -c -j 12amd64 -v 12.4-RELEASE
  poudriere ports -c -p default
  poudriere bulk -j 12amd64 -p default <category>/unbound

• Version-pin sensitive packages:

  sudo pkg lock unbound

• Take an automatic ZFS boot-environment snapshot before every upgrade (ZFS root only):

  sudo bectl create pre-upgrade-$(date +%Y%m%d)

• Monitor file integrity (create a baseline, verify against it later):

  # Create a baseline (use -c; target /usr/local/etc, /etc, /boot — NOT /):
  sudo mtree -c -K sha256digest -p /usr/local/etc > /var/db/usr-local-etc.mtree
  sudo mtree -c -K sha256digest -p /etc          > /var/db/etc.mtree
  # Verify later:
  sudo mtree -p /usr/local/etc < /var/db/usr-local-etc.mtree
  # Or with AIDE for a richer ruleset:
  sudo pkg install -y aide && sudo aide --init && sudo aide --check

• Harden jails with allow.* tunables in /etc/jail.conf:

  unbound_jail {
    allow.raw_sockets = 0;
    allow.sysvipc    = 0;
    allow.mount      = 0;
    allow.chflags    = 0;
  }

Related Errors & Cross-Refs

Issues that commonly surface alongside unbound — multiple vulnerabilities (18 CVEs) — patch and remediation guide: pkg lock contention, mismatched ABI after kernel/userland skew, pf rule drift, and stale shared-library references after upgrade. Triage with:

freebsd-version -kru
uname -K
pkg check -d
pfctl -sr

View all freebsd-12 tutorials on the Tutorials Hub →

Browse all common problems & solutions on the Tutorials Hub.

References & Further Reading

Primary reference: FreeBSD VuXML. Useful manual pages on FreeBSD 12:

man pkg
man freebsd-update
man pfctl
man ipfw
man bectl
man periodic.conf

Other resources: the FreeBSD Handbook, the FreeBSD Security Advisories at security.freebsd.org, and the /usr/ports/UPDATING file for port-specific notes implicated in unbound — multiple vulnerabilities (18 CVEs) — patch and remediation guide.