🟡 Medium   ⏱ 5–30 min  Last verified: 19 May 2026
Affected versions: FreeBSD 13

📖 ~1 min read

Table of contents
  1. Symptom & Impact
  2. Environment & Reproduction
  3. Root Cause Analysis
  4. Quick Triage
  5. Step-by-Step Diagnosis
  6. Solution – Primary Fix
  7. Solution – Alternative Approaches
  8. Verification & Acceptance Criteria
  9. Rollback Plan
  10. Prevention & Hardening
  11. Related Errors & Cross-Refs
  12. References & Further Reading

Symptom & Impact

Expected delegated admin rights are not applied from include fragments.

Environment & Reproduction

Happens when include files have bad mode, owner, or parse errors.

sudo -l -U

Root Cause Analysis

sudo silently skips invalid include files for safety.

Quick Triage

Run syntax check over all sudoers entries.

visudo -c

Step-by-Step Diagnosis

Inspect /usr/local/etc/sudoers.d ordering, perms, and naming.

ls -la /usr/local/etc/sudoers.d
Illustrative mockup for freebsd-13 — sudoers_visudo_check
visudo include validation — Illustrative mockup — Progressive Robot

Solution – Primary Fix

Fix syntax and secure permissions, then revalidate.

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sudo chmod 440 /usr/local/etc/sudoers.d/* && sudo chown root:wheel /usr/local/etc/sudoers.d/* && visudo -c
Illustrative mockup for freebsd-13 — sudoers_d_fix
Correcting include path and mode — Illustrative mockup — Progressive Robot

Solution – Alternative Approaches

Consolidate critical rules into main sudoers for emergency fallback.

Verification & Acceptance Criteria

sudo -l output reflects intended privileges for target principals.

Rollback Plan

Restore previous sudoers snapshots and re-run visudo check.

Prevention & Hardening

Gate sudoers changes through lint checks in CI.

May coincide with LDAP/SSSD group resolution issues.

Related tutorial: View the step-by-step tutorial for freebsd-13.

View all freebsd-13 tutorials on the Tutorials Hub →

Browse all common problems & solutions on the Tutorials Hub.

References & Further Reading

sudoers(5) include semantics and security notes.

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