🟠 High   ⏱ 15–60 min  Last verified: 25 May 2026
Affected versions: Ubuntu 22.04 (jammy)

📖 ~4 min read  •  Source: Ubuntu Security Notice USN-5546-1

Related CVEs: CVE-2022-21426 CVE-2022-21434 CVE-2022-21443 CVE-2022-21449 CVE-2022-21476 CVE-2022-21496 CVE-2022-21540 CVE-2022-21541  +2 more

Upstream summary: Neil Madden discovered that OpenJDK did not properly verify ECDSA
signatures. A remote attacker could possibly use this issue to insert,
edit or obtain sensitive information. This issue only affected OpenJDK
17 and OpenJDK 18. (CVE-2022-21449)

It was discovered that OpenJDK incorrectly limited memory when compiling a
specially crafted XPath expression. An attacker could possibly use this
issue to cause a denial of service. This issue was fixed in OpenJDK 8 and
OpenJDK 18. US

Table of contents
  1. Symptom & Impact
  2. Environment & Reproduction
  3. Root Cause Analysis
  4. Quick Triage
  5. Step-by-Step Diagnosis
  6. Solution – Primary Fix
  7. Solution – Alternative Approaches
  8. Verification & Acceptance Criteria
  9. Rollback Plan
  10. Prevention & Hardening
  11. Related Errors & Cross-Refs
  12. References & Further Reading

Symptom & Impact

openjdk-18 is executed by every process started from it, so a flaw here surfaces inside your applications rather than in openjdk-18 itself: header-parsing and request-smuggling bugs in the bundled HTTP stack, weaknesses in the runtime’s own TLS and crypto code, unsafe archive, XML or deserialisation handling in the standard library, or memory-safety bugs in the JIT. Long-lived workers such as application servers, JVM daemons and resident node processes keep executing the old build after Ubuntu 22.04 replaces it on disk, so a patched machine stays exposed until each one is restarted. openjdk-18 is an interpreter or virtual machine plus its standard library, not a daemon: it runs only inside processes you start, so there is no openjdk-18 unit to restart — restart the applications that execute it instead.

Environment & Reproduction

Reproduction targets Ubuntu 22.04 (jammy). Confirm release and installed package:

lsb_release -a
cat /etc/os-release
dpkg -l openjdk-18 | tail -2
apt-cache policy openjdk-18
uname -r

Exercise the workload that uses openjdk-18 while collecting:

needrestart -b -r l  # (pkg: needrestart) run as root; machine-readable. NEEDRESTART-SVC = units still mapping deleted libs, NEEDRESTART-SESS = login sessions, NEEDRESTART-KSTA = kernel state. -r l never restarts anything
needrestart -v -l -r l  # human-readable, libraries only (-l); names each PID and the obsolete file it still maps
checkrestart -v  # (pkg: debian-goodies) older alternative; add -p to report only deleted files owned by a dpkg package, -m for machine-readable
sudo journalctl -xe --no-pager | tail -200
sudo tail -200 /var/log/apt/history.log
sudo tail -200 /var/log/kern.log | grep -i apparmor

Root Cause Analysis

Root cause is documented in Ubuntu Security Notice USN-5546-1. Canonical security maintainers shipped fixes in the corresponding openjdk-18 update for Ubuntu 22.04; running an outdated build leaves the host exposed to the failure modes described in the advisory. Fixes land in the jammy-security pocket of the main archive. Correlate apt history with the journal:

grep -A2 -B2 openjdk-18 /var/log/apt/history.log
zgrep -A2 -B2 openjdk-18 /var/log/apt/history.log.*.gz 2>/dev/null
cat /proc/sys/kernel/tainted   # non-zero = tainted kernel / out-of-tree modules

Quick Triage

Run these on Ubuntu 22.04 to capture the current state of openjdk-18:

dpkg -l openjdk-18 | tail -1                  # installed version
dpkg -V openjdk-18                             # verify shipped files
sudo apt update && apt list --upgradable 2>/dev/null | grep -i security
systemctl daemon-reload  # only if the upgrade shipped changed unit files
systemctl daemon-reexec  # REQUIRED after a systemd / libsystemd upgrade: re-execs PID 1 against the new library without rebooting (needrestart flags this as 'systemd-manager')
needrestart -r i  # (pkg: needrestart) interactive: prompts per service. The safe default on a production box
needrestart -r a  # non-interactive: restarts EVERY flagged unit. Maintenance window only -- it will bounce databases and web servers without asking
sudo ufw status verbose 2>/dev/null | head -20
sudo aa-status 2>/dev/null | head -20
# If openjdk-18 ships a service unit (unit/job name often differs from pkg name, e.g.
# bind9→named, apache2→apache2, postgresql-NN→postgresql@NN-main):
dpkg-query -L openjdk-18 2>/dev/null | grep -E '^/etc/init\.d/[^/]+$'  # legacy SysV init script; its basename is the service name for 'service <name> restart' on non-systemd hosts
systemctl list-unit-files --no-pager --type=service,socket,timer | grep -iF -- 'openjdk-18'  # fuzzy name match; -F is required because package names contain regex metacharacters ('+' in libstdc++6/g++-13 makes -E fail to match at all)

Step-by-Step Diagnosis

  1. List failing services.

    systemctl --failed --no-pager

  2. Tail the journal / syslog for openjdk-18.

    sudo journalctl -xe -f --no-pager

  3. Inspect UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall) state.

    sudo ufw status numbered
sudo ufw show added
sudo iptables -L -n -v | head -30

  4. Surface AppArmor denials and switch the profile to complain mode if needed.

    sudo journalctl -k 2>/dev/null | grep -i 'apparmor="DENIED"' | tail -30
sudo aa-status
# /etc/apparmor.d/usr.bin.openjdk-18 or usr.sbin.openjdk-18 — inspect first
sudo aa-complain /etc/apparmor.d/usr.bin.openjdk-18 2>/dev/null || true

  5. Verify openjdk-18 integrity and reinstall if anything is altered.

    sudo dpkg -V openjdk-18
sudo debsums -c openjdk-18 2>/dev/null
sudo apt install --reinstall -y openjdk-18

  6. Correlate findings with /var/log/apt/history.log, /var/log/dpkg.log, and Ubuntu Security Notice USN-5546-1 to pin the change that introduced the regression.

Solution – Primary Fix

Apply the corrective apt transaction referenced by Ubuntu Security Notice USN-5546-1, then reload the affected service:

sudo apt update
sudo apt -y install --only-upgrade openjdk-18
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
# Service name may differ from pkg name; check first:
dpkg -l openjdk-18 | tail -1            # confirm new version

For kernel / glibc / systemd / openssl advisories a reboot (or Livepatch) is required:

sudo apt install -y needrestart
sudo needrestart -r l       # list units that need restart
sudo systemctl reboot       # or: sudo shutdown -r now
# Livepatch (Ubuntu Pro) avoids reboot for many kernel CVEs:
sudo canonical-livepatch status
sudo canonical-livepatch refresh

Need help rolling this patch across an Ubuntu fleet? Our IT Solutions & Services team manages Ubuntu patch windows with Landscape and Ubuntu Pro integration. Get in touch for a free consultation.

Solution – Alternative Approaches

If the primary upgrade is not viable, pick from these:

  • Hold the package so apt cannot upgrade it:

    sudo apt-mark hold openjdk-18
apt-mark showhold | grep openjdk-18
# Release the hold later with:
sudo apt-mark unhold openjdk-18

  • Pin a known-good version via apt preferences:

    # /etc/apt/preferences.d/openjdk-18.pref
Package: openjdk-18
Pin: version <good-version>
Pin-Priority: 1001

  • Downgrade to an older version if a regression is suspected:

    apt-cache madison openjdk-18
sudo apt install --allow-downgrades -y openjdk-18=<older-version>

  • Investigate AppArmor blocking the new binary; switch to complain briefly, capture denials, then re-enforce:

    sudo aa-complain /etc/apparmor.d/usr.bin.openjdk-18 2>/dev/null
# reproduce the failure
sudo journalctl -k | grep apparmor | tail
sudo aa-enforce /etc/apparmor.d/usr.bin.openjdk-18 2>/dev/null

  • Apply Canonical Livepatch (Ubuntu Pro) to land kernel fixes without reboot:

    sudo canonical-livepatch status
sudo canonical-livepatch refresh

  • Take only the security pocket update and defer the full point-release upgrade:

    sudo apt -y install --only-upgrade -t jammy-security openjdk-18

Verification & Acceptance Criteria

All of these should pass after the fix is applied:

dpkg -l openjdk-18 | tail -1                                  # expected fixed version
apt list --upgradable 2>/dev/null | grep -i security || echo OK
sudo ufw status numbered | head
sudo aa-status 2>/dev/null | head -5

The conditions described in the advisory must no longer be reported for openjdk-18 across two consecutive runs.

Rollback Plan

Capture state before any change:

apt list --installed 2>/dev/null > /root/apt-pre.txt
dpkg --get-selections > /root/dpkg-pre.txt
# ZFS-on-root (Ubuntu 20.04+ default installer option):
sudo zfs snapshot rpool/ROOT/ubuntu@pre-openjdk-18
# LVM-on-root:
sudo lvcreate -L 4G -s -n root_pre_patch /dev/<vg>/<root-lv>

To revert:

sudo apt install --allow-downgrades -y openjdk-18=<old-version>
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
# Kernel rollback: pick the prior kernel from the GRUB menu, then:
sudo systemctl reboot
# ZFS rollback (rolls the whole root dataset):
sudo zfs rollback -r rpool/ROOT/ubuntu@pre-openjdk-18

Prevention & Hardening

Reduce the chance of this recurring on Ubuntu 22.04 (jammy):

  • Enable scheduled security updates via unattended-upgrades:

    sudo apt install -y unattended-upgrades update-notifier-common
sudo dpkg-reconfigure -plow unattended-upgrades
# /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades:
Unattended-Upgrade::Allowed-Origins { "${distro_id}:${distro_codename}-security"; };

  • Install needrestart so services restart automatically after library upgrades:

    sudo apt install -y needrestart
# /etc/needrestart/needrestart.conf -> $nrconf{restart} = 'a';

  • Attach Ubuntu Pro to enable Livepatch and extended security coverage:

    sudo pro attach <token>
sudo pro enable livepatch

  • Subscribe to ubuntu-security-announce and watch ubuntu.com/security/cves.

  • Monitor file integrity with debsums and AIDE:

    sudo apt install -y debsums aide
sudo debsums -ca
sudo aideinit && sudo mv /var/lib/aide/aide.db.new /var/lib/aide/aide.db
sudo aide --check

  • For estate-wide patching, manage with Canonical Landscape:

    sudo apt install -y landscape-client
sudo landscape-config

  • Keep AppArmor profiles in enforce mode and apply CIS Ubuntu Linux Benchmark hardening.

Issues that commonly surface alongside a openjdk-18 update: apt lock contention, broken dpkg state, systemd ordering cycles, AppArmor denials, and UFW rule drift. Useful triage:

sudo dpkg --configure -a
sudo apt --fix-broken install
systemd-analyze critical-chain
sudo journalctl -k 2>/dev/null | grep -i apparmor | tail
cat /proc/sys/kernel/tainted

View all ubuntu-22-04 tutorials on the Tutorials Hub →

Browse all common problems & solutions on the Tutorials Hub.

References & Further Reading

Primary reference: Ubuntu Security Notice USN-5546-1. Manual pages useful on Ubuntu 22.04:

man apt
man apt-get
man apt-mark
man dpkg
man systemctl
man journalctl
man ufw
man apparmor
man aa-status
man unattended-upgrades
man canonical-livepatch
man pro

Other resources: Ubuntu Security Notices, Ubuntu CVE Tracker, Ubuntu upgrade notes, and per-package notes in /usr/share/doc/openjdk-18/ for components implicated in this advisory.