Debian 10 — ruby-kramdown — multiple vulnerabilities (2 CVEs) — patch and remediation guide

📖 ~4 min read  •  Source: Debian Security Tracker

Related CVEs: CVE-2020-14001 CVE-2021-28834

Table of contents

1. Symptom & Impact
2. Environment & Reproduction
3. Root Cause Analysis
4. Quick Triage
5. Step-by-Step Diagnosis
6. Solution – Primary Fix
7. Solution – Alternative Approaches
8. Verification & Acceptance Criteria
9. Rollback Plan
10. Prevention & Hardening
11. Related Errors & Cross-Refs
12. References & Further Reading

Symptom & Impact

Nothing executes ruby-kramdown on its own; its code runs inside whatever links against or imports it, so the exposed surface on a Debian 10 host is the union of every process that has loaded it — web workers, cron jobs, mail handlers, backup agents. The package manager replaces the files on disk, but processes already running keep the old build mapped, and virtualenvs, vendored copies and container images each carry their own copy, so a host can report itself patched while still running vulnerable code. ruby-kramdown is a library — code loaded by other programs rather than a daemon — so there is no unit to restart and systemctl status ruby-kramdown will simply report no such unit; restart its consumers instead.

Environment & Reproduction

Reproduction targets Debian 10 (buster). Confirm release and installed package:

cat /etc/debian_version
lsb_release -a 2>/dev/null || cat /etc/os-release
dpkg -l ruby-kramdown | tail -2
apt-cache policy ruby-kramdown
dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}\n' ruby-kramdown

Exercise the workload that uses ruby-kramdown while collecting:

needrestart -b -r l  # (pkg: needrestart) run as root; machine-readable. NEEDRESTART-SVC = units still mapping deleted libs, NEEDRESTART-SESS = login sessions, NEEDRESTART-KSTA = kernel state. -r l never restarts anything
needrestart -v -l -r l  # human-readable, libraries only (-l); names each PID and the obsolete file it still maps
checkrestart -v  # (pkg: debian-goodies) older alternative; add -p to report only deleted files owned by a dpkg package, -m for machine-readable
sudo journalctl -xe --no-pager | tail -200
sudo tail -200 /var/log/apt/history.log
sudo tail -200 /var/log/dpkg.log

Root Cause Analysis

Root cause is tracked at Debian Security Tracker. The Debian Security Team shipped fixes in the corresponding ruby-kramdown point release for Debian 10 (suite buster-security); running an outdated build leaves the host exposed to the failure modes referenced above. Correlate apt history with the journal:

grep -A2 -B2 ruby-kramdown /var/log/apt/history.log
zgrep -A2 -B2 ruby-kramdown /var/log/apt/history.log.*.gz 2>/dev/null
cat /proc/sys/kernel/tainted   # non-zero = tainted kernel / out-of-tree modules

Quick Triage

Run these on Debian 10 to capture the current state of ruby-kramdown:

dpkg -l ruby-kramdown | tail -1                   # installed version
dpkg -V ruby-kramdown                              # verify shipped files
sudo apt update && apt list --upgradable 2>/dev/null | grep -i security
systemctl --failed --no-pager
sudo iptables -L -n -v 2>/dev/null | head -30
sudo aa-status 2>/dev/null | head -20      # AppArmor profiles
dpkg-query -L ruby-kramdown 2>/dev/null | grep -E '^/etc/init\.d/[^/]+$'  # legacy SysV init script; its basename is the service name for 'service <name> restart' on non-systemd hosts
systemctl list-unit-files --no-pager --type=service,socket,timer | grep -iF -- 'ruby-kramdown'  # fuzzy name match; -F is required because package names contain regex metacharacters ('+' in libstdc++6/g++-13 makes -E fail to match at all)

Step-by-Step Diagnosis

1. List failed systemd units.

   systemctl --failed --no-pager

2. Tail the journal for ruby-kramdown and the system bus.

   sudo journalctl -xe -f --no-pager

3. Inspect firewall state (this OS defaults to iptables-legacy).

   sudo iptables -L -n -v
   sudo iptables-save | head

4. Verify ruby-kramdown file integrity and reinstall if anything is altered.

   sudo dpkg -V ruby-kramdown
   sudo debsums -c ruby-kramdown 2>/dev/null
   sudo apt install --reinstall -y ruby-kramdown

5. Check AppArmor denials (Debian 11+ default-enabled).

   sudo journalctl -k | grep -i 'apparmor="DENIED"' | tail -30
   sudo aa-status | grep -i ruby

6. Correlate findings with /var/log/apt/history.log, /var/log/dpkg.log, and Debian Security Tracker to pin the change that introduced the regression.

Solution – Primary Fix

Apply the corrective apt transaction documented in Debian Security Tracker from the security suite, then reload the affected unit:

sudo apt update
sudo apt -y install --only-upgrade ruby-kramdown
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
# Unit name may differ from package name; check first:
systemctl daemon-reload  # only if the upgrade shipped changed unit files
systemctl daemon-reexec  # REQUIRED after a systemd / libsystemd upgrade: re-execs PID 1 against the new library without rebooting (needrestart flags this as 'systemd-manager')
needrestart -r i  # (pkg: needrestart) interactive: prompts per service. The safe default on a production box
needrestart -r a  # non-interactive: restarts EVERY flagged unit. Maintenance window only -- it will bounce databases and web servers without asking
dpkg -l ruby-kramdown | tail -1                # confirm new version

For Debian 9/10 (LTS): the fixed package may live in the Freexian LTS suite. Ensure your sources list includes:

# /etc/apt/sources.list.d/buster-lts.list
deb http://deb.freexian.com/extended-lts buster-lts main contrib non-free

For kernel / glibc / systemd / openssl advisories a reboot is required:

sudo apt install -y needrestart
sudo needrestart -r l       # list services that need restart
sudo systemctl reboot       # or: sudo shutdown -r now

Solution – Alternative Approaches

If the primary upgrade is not viable, pick from these:

• Pin a known-good version via apt preferences:

  # /etc/apt/preferences.d/ruby-kramdown.pref
  Package: ruby-kramdown
  Pin: version <good-version>
  Pin-Priority: 1001

• Mark the package on hold so apt cannot upgrade it:

  sudo apt-mark hold ruby-kramdown
  apt-mark showhold | grep ruby-kramdown
  # Release the hold later with:
  sudo apt-mark unhold ruby-kramdown

• Downgrade to an older NVR if a regression is suspected:

  apt-cache madison ruby-kramdown
  sudo apt install --allow-downgrades -y ruby-kramdown=<older-version>

• Take only the security archive update and defer the full point-release upgrade:

  # /etc/apt/sources.list.d/buster-security-only.list
  deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security buster-security main contrib non-free
  # then:
  sudo apt update && sudo apt -y install --only-upgrade -t buster-security ruby-kramdown

• Investigate AppArmor blocking the new binary; switch the profile to complain mode briefly:

  # reproduce, capture denials, then re-enforce:

Verification & Acceptance Criteria

All of these should pass after the fix is applied:

dpkg -l ruby-kramdown | tail -1                                  # expected fixed version
apt list --upgradable 2>/dev/null | grep -i security || echo OK
sudo iptables -S | head
sudo aa-status 2>/dev/null | head -5

The conditions described in the advisory must no longer be reported for ruby-kramdown across two consecutive runs.

Rollback Plan

Capture state before any change:

apt list --installed 2>/dev/null > /root/apt-pre.txt
dpkg --get-selections > /root/dpkg-pre.txt
# LVM snapshot of the root LV (only if root sits on LVM):
sudo lvcreate -L 4G -s -n root_pre_patch /dev/<vg>/<root-lv>

To revert:

sudo apt install --allow-downgrades -y ruby-kramdown=<old-version>
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
# If a kernel was rolled back, reboot and select the previous kernel from GRUB:
sudo systemctl reboot
# LVM snapshot merge (offline / on next reboot):
sudo lvconvert --merge /dev/<vg>/root_pre_patch

Prevention & Hardening

Reduce the chance of this recurring on Debian 10:

• Enable scheduled security updates via unattended-upgrades:

  sudo apt install -y unattended-upgrades apt-listchanges
  sudo dpkg-reconfigure -plow unattended-upgrades
  # /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades:
  Unattended-Upgrade::Origins-Pattern { "origin=Debian,codename=${distro_codename},label=Debian-Security"; };

• Install needrestart so services restart automatically after library upgrades:

  sudo apt install -y needrestart
  # /etc/needrestart/needrestart.conf -> $nrconf{restart} = 'a';

• Subscribe to debian-security-announce and watch security-tracker.debian.org.

• Mirror locally for controlled rollouts:

  sudo apt install -y apt-mirror
  # /etc/apt/mirror.list:
  deb http://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free
  deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security buster-security main contrib non-free
  sudo apt-mirror

• Monitor file integrity with debsums and AIDE:

  sudo apt install -y debsums aide
  sudo debsums -ca           # report only changed conffile-less files
  sudo aideinit && sudo mv /var/lib/aide/aide.db.new /var/lib/aide/aide.db
  sudo aide --check

• Apply CIS Debian Linux Benchmark hardening and review auditd rules in /etc/audit/rules.d/.

• For Debian 9/10 LTS, subscribe to Freexian Extended LTS so that buster keeps getting security fixes past Debian end-of-life.

Related Errors & Cross-Refs

Issues that commonly surface alongside a ruby-kramdown update: apt lock contention, broken dpkg state, systemd ordering cycles, AppArmor denials, and firewall rule drift. Useful triage:

sudo dpkg --configure -a
sudo apt --fix-broken install
systemd-analyze critical-chain
sudo journalctl -k | grep -i apparmor | tail
cat /proc/sys/kernel/tainted

View all debian-10 tutorials on the Tutorials Hub →

Browse all common problems & solutions on the Tutorials Hub.

References & Further Reading

Primary reference: Debian Security Tracker. Manual pages useful on Debian 10:

man apt
man apt-get
man apt-mark
man dpkg
man systemctl
man journalctl
man iptables
man apparmor
man unattended-upgrades

Other resources: The Debian Administrator’s Handbook, Debian Security FAQ, Debian Security Tracker, and per-package notes in /usr/share/doc/ruby-kramdown/ for components implicated in this advisory.