A LAMP stack — Linux, Apache HTTP Server, MySQL (or MariaDB), and PHP — is the original and most widely deployed open-source web hosting stack. It has powered millions of websites since the early 2000s and remains the default for hosting control panels (cPanel, Plesk, DirectAdmin) and many shared hosting environments. Apache’s .htaccess support, mod_rewrite, […]
HAProxy (High Availability Proxy) is a battle-hardened open-source load balancer and proxy for TCP and HTTP workloads. Where Nginx load balancing is sufficient for simple round-robin HTTP distribution, HAProxy provides a richer feature set: advanced health checks with multiple failure thresholds, ACL-based routing, Layer 4 TCP load balancing for non-HTTP protocols (MySQL, Redis, SMTP), detailed […]
Varnish Cache is a high-performance HTTP reverse proxy designed specifically for caching. Unlike Nginx FastCGI cache which caches PHP output files on disk, Varnish stores cached objects entirely in RAM and can serve tens of thousands of requests per second from memory. Varnish operates in front of your web server: it listens on port 80 […]
Text-based HTTP responses — HTML, CSS, JavaScript, JSON, XML, SVG — compress dramatically with standard compression algorithms, often achieving 60–80% size reduction. Nginx supports two compression algorithms: gzip (built-in, universal browser support) and Brotli (via the ngx_brotli dynamic module, 15–20% better compression than gzip for text, supported by all modern browsers). Enabling compression is one […]
Caddy is a modern, open-source web server written in Go that stands out for one defining feature: automatic HTTPS. Caddy obtains and renews TLS certificates from Let’s Encrypt or ZeroSSL automatically, with zero configuration required beyond specifying a domain name. It also supports HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 (QUIC) out of the box, and its declarative Caddyfile […]
HTTP/2 is the second major version of the HTTP protocol, standardised in 2015, and offers significant performance improvements over HTTP/1.1: header compression (HPACK), multiplexing (multiple requests over a single connection), server push, and binary framing. On a typical webpage with dozens of assets (CSS, JavaScript, images, fonts), HTTP/2 multiplexing eliminates the head-of-line blocking that forces […]
Apache’s mod_proxy module turns Apache into a powerful reverse proxy and gateway, forwarding requests to backend application servers, other web servers, or balancer clusters. Unlike Nginx’s reverse proxy (which is native), Apache’s proxy functionality is modular: mod_proxy handles the core proxying, mod_proxy_http handles HTTP/1.1, mod_proxy_balancer provides load balancing, and mod_proxy_wstunnel handles WebSocket tunnelling. On RHEL […]
A reverse proxy sits in front of one or more backend application servers, forwarding client requests to them and returning their responses to the client. From the client’s perspective, the reverse proxy is the web server. This architecture provides centralized SSL termination, load balancing, caching, rate limiting, and DDoS mitigation without exposing backend application ports […]
Like Nginx, Apache can be secured with free SSL/TLS certificates from Let’s Encrypt using Certbot. The python3-certbot-apache plugin performs domain validation, obtains the certificate, and automatically updates your Apache virtual host configuration with the SSL directives, HTTP-to-HTTPS redirect, and modern cipher settings. This guide covers installing Certbot on RHEL 9, obtaining a certificate for your […]
HTTPS is no longer optional — browsers mark HTTP sites as “Not Secure”, search engines penalise them in rankings, and many modern browser APIs (service workers, geolocation, camera access) require a secure context. Let’s Encrypt provides free, automated, and trusted SSL/TLS certificates via the ACME protocol, and Certbot is the recommended ACME client that handles […]
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