A private Certificate Authority (CA) lets you issue and manage TLS certificates for internal services without paying a public CA for every certificate. On RHEL 9, OpenSSL provides all the tools needed to build a two-tier CA hierarchy: a root CA (kept offline and highly protected) and an intermediate CA (used for day-to-day signing). This […]
SELinux (Security-Enhanced Linux) enforces Mandatory Access Control (MAC) on RHEL 9, confining processes to only the resources they are explicitly permitted to access regardless of traditional Unix file permissions. While RHEL ships with comprehensive base policies, custom applications often generate AVC (Access Vector Cache) denials because their access patterns are not covered by existing policy […]
HashiCorp Vault is an open-source secrets management platform that provides secure storage, access control, and auditing for sensitive data such as API keys, passwords, certificates, and encryption keys. Instead of hardcoding secrets in application configs or environment variables, applications request them from Vault at runtime using short-lived tokens or AppRole credentials. This tutorial covers installing […]
OpenSSL is the most widely used toolkit for working with SSL/TLS certificates on Linux systems. On RHEL 9, it provides everything you need to generate private keys, create certificate signing requests (CSRs), sign certificates using your own certificate authority, and convert between certificate formats. Understanding OpenSSL is essential for any sysadmin managing secure services. This […]
OpenVPN is a mature, battle-tested VPN solution that supports TLS-based encryption and X.509 certificate authentication, making it well-suited for enterprise environments where certificate lifecycle management and strong mutual authentication are required. Unlike WireGuard, OpenVPN can traverse firewalls over TCP port 443, which is useful when UDP is blocked. On RHEL 9, OpenVPN 2.x is available […]
Harbor is an enterprise-grade open-source container registry that extends the basic Docker Registry with role-based access control, vulnerability scanning, image signing, and replication across multiple registries. While Docker’s official registry:2 image is suitable for simple use cases, Harbor is purpose-built for teams that need audit logs, project-level isolation, and automated security scanning before images reach […]
Drone CI is an open-source, container-native continuous integration and delivery platform that runs every pipeline step inside an isolated Docker container. It integrates natively with GitHub, Gitea, GitLab, and Bitbucket, making it a lightweight alternative to Jenkins for teams already working with containers. Drone’s configuration lives in a .drone.yml file committed alongside your code, keeping […]
HashiCorp Packer is an open-source tool for creating identical machine images for multiple platforms from a single configuration source. Rather than manually configuring servers after deployment, Packer bakes your configuration — packages, users, services, certificates — directly into the image at build time, embodying the immutable infrastructure pattern. The resulting AMIs, OVA files, or container […]
How to Set Up DirectAccess for Always-On VPN on Windows Server 2012 R2 DirectAccess is Microsoft’s always-on connectivity technology for domain-joined Windows clients. Unlike traditional VPN that requires a user to manually connect, DirectAccess automatically establishes a secure IPv6-over-IPv4 tunnel whenever the client computer detects it is outside the corporate network — before the user […]
How to Configure Windows Server 2012 R2 as a VPN Server with SSTP Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP) is a VPN protocol that encapsulates PPP traffic inside HTTPS, using port 443 for all VPN data. This makes SSTP the most firewall-friendly VPN protocol available — it works through virtually any firewall, NAT device, or web […]
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