Apache Kafka is a distributed event streaming platform designed for high-throughput, fault-tolerant, and replayable message streams. Unlike traditional message brokers, Kafka persists messages to disk in ordered, append-only topic logs and retains them for a configurable period (days or weeks). Consumers read messages at their own pace using consumer offsets, and any consumer can re-read […]
RabbitMQ is a mature, battle-tested open-source message broker that implements the AMQP 0-9-1 protocol. It decouples application components by enabling asynchronous communication through exchanges, queues, and bindings. Producers publish messages to exchanges; exchanges route messages to queues based on routing rules (direct, topic, fanout, headers); consumers subscribe to queues and process messages independently of the […]
MySQL’s built-in metrics are powerful but not easily scraped. Prometheus mysqld_exporter is the standard exporter that translates MySQL status variables, InnoDB engine metrics, and replication lag statistics into the Prometheus exposition format. Combined with Grafana, the mysqld_exporter provides real-time dashboards covering query throughput, connection pool usage, InnoDB buffer pool hit rates, disk I/O, and replication […]
ClickHouse is a column-oriented database management system (DBMS) designed for Online Analytical Processing (OLAP). Unlike row-oriented databases (MySQL, PostgreSQL) where each row is stored together — efficient for retrieving full records — ClickHouse stores each column separately, making it extremely efficient for aggregation queries that scan specific columns across billions of rows. ClickHouse can process […]
Elasticsearch is a distributed, RESTful search and analytics engine built on Apache Lucene. It stores data as JSON documents in indices and provides near-real-time full-text search, log aggregation, metrics analysis, and complex aggregation queries through a simple HTTP/JSON API. Elasticsearch is the core component of the Elastic Stack (ELK Stack) — Elasticsearch stores and searches […]
SQLite is a self-contained, serverless, zero-configuration SQL database engine that stores an entire database in a single file on disk. Unlike MySQL, PostgreSQL, and MongoDB which require a running server process, SQLite is a library that is linked directly into the application — there is no network connection, no authentication, and no administration overhead. SQLite […]
Redis (Remote Dictionary Server) is an in-memory data structure store used as a cache, session store, real-time leaderboard, pub/sub message broker, and rate-limiting backend. Redis stores all data in RAM with optional disk persistence, making it orders of magnitude faster than relational databases for lookups: sub-millisecond response times at millions of operations per second. Common […]
WebSockets provide full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP connection, enabling real-time features such as live chat, push notifications, collaborative editing, gaming, and live dashboards. Unlike standard HTTP, which is request-response, WebSocket connections are persistent and bidirectional — the server can push data to clients at any time without a client request. Nginx can act […]
Even when free trusted certificates from Let’s Encrypt are available for public domains, self-signed certificates serve important roles: development environments, internal network services, IoT devices, automated testing pipelines, and machine-to-machine communication within a private network. Unlike Let’s Encrypt certificates, self-signed certificates require no domain ownership verification or outbound internet access — they can be generated […]
Varnish Cache is a high-performance HTTP reverse proxy designed specifically for caching. Unlike Nginx FastCGI cache which caches PHP output files on disk, Varnish stores cached objects entirely in RAM and can serve tens of thousands of requests per second from memory. Varnish operates in front of your web server: it listens on port 80 […]
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