How to Set Up Data Deduplication on Windows Server 2012 R2 Data Deduplication is a Windows Server 2012 R2 role service that reduces storage consumption by identifying and eliminating redundant data patterns across files stored on NTFS volumes. Unlike traditional single-instance storage, the deduplication engine works post-process — it analyses data after it has been […]
How to Configure Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS) on Windows Server 2012 R2 The Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS) is a critical component of the Windows Server 2012 R2 data protection framework. It enables the creation of point-in-time, application-consistent snapshots of volumes without interrupting running services or applications. VSS is used by Windows Server Backup, […]
How to Set Up Windows Server Backup on Windows Server 2012 R2 Windows Server Backup (WSB) is the built-in backup solution included with Windows Server 2012 R2. It provides a straightforward mechanism for protecting your server data through full server backups, system state backups, and individual volume or folder backups. While not as feature-rich as […]
containerd is a high-performance, industry-standard container runtime that implements the Open Container Initiative (OCI) specification. While Docker uses containerd internally as its core container lifecycle manager, containerd can also run standalone as a Kubernetes container runtime — this is the default runtime for most managed Kubernetes services (EKS, GKE, AKS) and the recommended runtime for […]
Prometheus and Grafana are the de facto standard monitoring stack for Kubernetes clusters. Prometheus is a time-series metrics database that scrapes metrics from Kubernetes components (API server, kubelet, etcd) and from applications via HTTP endpoints in a pull-based model. Grafana is a visualisation platform that queries Prometheus and displays metrics as interactive dashboards. The kube-prometheus-stack […]
Kubernetes Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) is the mechanism for controlling which users and service accounts can perform which actions on which resources within a Kubernetes cluster. Without RBAC configuration, all authenticated users (and service accounts in pods) have full admin access — a significant security risk in multi-team environments. RBAC uses four resource types: Role […]
How to Implement Software Restriction Policies on Windows Server 2012 R2 Software Restriction Policies (SRP) are the predecessor to AppLocker, providing application control capabilities on all editions of Windows Server 2012 R2—including Standard edition, which does not support AppLocker enforcement. SRP uses rules based on file hash, certificate, path, or network zone to allow or […]
Kubernetes Services of type ClusterIP expose applications only within the cluster — external traffic cannot reach them directly. An Ingress resource solves this by providing HTTP/HTTPS routing from outside the cluster to internal services based on hostnames and URL paths. The Nginx Ingress Controller is the most widely deployed ingress controller, running as a pod […]
How to Configure USB Device Restriction via Group Policy on Windows Server 2012 R2 Removable storage devices represent a significant data exfiltration and malware introduction risk in any organization. USB flash drives, portable hard drives, and other removable media can bypass network-level security controls entirely. Windows Server 2012 R2 provides multiple mechanisms to restrict removable […]
Kubernetes separates storage provisioning (creating storage volumes) from storage consumption (using volumes in pods) through two resource types: PersistentVolumes (PVs) and PersistentVolumeClaims (PVCs). A PersistentVolume is a piece of storage in the cluster provisioned by an administrator or dynamically by a StorageClass. A PersistentVolumeClaim is a request for storage by a user — it specifies […]
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