How to Install SQL Server on Windows Server 2022 Microsoft SQL Server is one of the most widely deployed relational database management systems in enterprise environments. Installing SQL Server on Windows Server 2022 involves selecting the correct edition for your workload, preparing the server, running the installer, and validating the installation. This guide walks through […]
Understanding Active Directory Replication Active Directory replication is the mechanism by which changes made on one domain controller (DC) are propagated to all other domain controllers in the domain and forest. Every object and attribute in AD has an associated Update Sequence Number (USN) and originating write metadata. When you create a user, modify a […]
Introduction to DNS Forwarders on Windows Server 2022 When a DNS server receives a query for a domain it is not authoritative for, it has two options: recurse using root hints, or forward the query to another DNS server. DNS forwarders let you specify exactly which upstream DNS servers your Windows Server 2022 DNS resolver […]
Why Audit Active Directory Changes Active Directory is the central trust authority for most Windows enterprise environments. Every privilege escalation, account takeover, lateral movement attempt, and persistence mechanism an attacker deploys will leave footprints in AD — if auditing is configured correctly. Without comprehensive AD change auditing, security teams are blind to account creation, group […]
Why LDAPS Instead of Plain LDAP By default, LDAP communications between clients and domain controllers on Windows Server 2022 travel over port 389 in plaintext. Every credential bind, directory query, and object modification is transmitted without encryption, making it trivial for any attacker with network access to capture password hashes, read sensitive directory attributes, or […]
AD LDS vs AD DS: Understanding the Difference Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS) is a standalone LDAP directory service that runs on Windows Server 2022 without requiring the full Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) infrastructure. While AD DS is the enterprise-wide identity store that controls domain logon, Group Policy, and Kerberos authentication, […]
What Is a Read-Only Domain Controller and When to Use It A Read-Only Domain Controller (RODC) is a special type of Active Directory domain controller introduced in Windows Server 2008 that holds a read-only, non-writable copy of the AD database. RODCs were designed primarily for deployment in branch offices, remote sites, and locations where physical […]
Overview of the Kerberos Protocol Kerberos is the default authentication protocol for Active Directory domains in Windows Server 2022. Developed at MIT and standardized in RFC 4120, it uses symmetric-key cryptography and a trusted third party — the Key Distribution Center (KDC) — to authenticate principals (users, computers, and services) without transmitting passwords over the […]
Introduction to Domain Joining Windows and Linux Machines Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) on Windows Server 2022 serves as the central identity and access management platform for enterprise environments. Joining both Windows and Linux machines to an AD domain enables single sign-on, centralized authentication, Group Policy enforcement, and unified user management across heterogeneous infrastructure. […]
Introduction to DNS Zones and Records on Windows Server 2022 Once your DNS Server role is installed and running, the day-to-day operational task is managing zones and resource records. DNS records are the entries that map names to addresses and define services available within your domain. Windows Server 2022 provides a rich PowerShell interface through […]
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