The Linux Audit system (auditd) provides a comprehensive security logging framework that records system calls, file accesses, and user actions at the kernel level. On RHEL 8, auditd is installed and enabled by default, making it a foundational component of any security compliance strategy. Whether meeting requirements for PCI-DSS, HIPAA, or internal policy, audit rules […]
Running out of disk space is one of the most disruptive events on a Linux server, and it often happens silently until a service crashes or a write fails. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 ships with several tools to help you stay ahead of the problem: df for a quick filesystem overview, du for directory-level […]
Swap space gives the Linux kernel an overflow area on disk when physical RAM is fully utilized, preventing out-of-memory crashes on memory-constrained servers. On RHEL 8, swap can be implemented as a dedicated partition or as a swap file — the latter being more flexible since it can be created, resized, and removed without repartitioning […]
NIC bonding combines multiple physical network interfaces into a single logical interface, providing link redundancy, increased throughput, or both — depending on the bonding mode selected. On RHEL 9, NetworkManager is the canonical tool for managing bonded interfaces, replacing the older ifcfg scripts. This tutorial covers creating a bond with nmcli, adding slave interfaces, assigning […]
ZFS (Zettabyte File System) delivers enterprise-grade data integrity features including checksumming, copy-on-write snapshots, built-in RAID, and efficient replication — without requiring a separate volume manager. Although ZFS is not included in RHEL 9’s default kernel, the OpenZFS project provides DKMS-based packages that work reliably on RHEL 9. This tutorial covers installing OpenZFS, creating pools and […]
DRBD (Distributed Replicated Block Device) is a kernel-level storage replication solution that mirrors a block device between two servers in real time, functioning as a network-based RAID 1. It is widely used as the shared-storage layer in high-availability clusters managed by Pacemaker and Corosync on RHEL 9. Unlike shared-disk solutions, DRBD requires no SAN or […]
LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) is the standard disk encryption format on RHEL 9, providing robust full-disk and partition-level encryption using the dm-crypt kernel subsystem. The cryptsetup utility is the primary tool for creating, managing, and auditing LUKS containers. LUKS2, the default format since RHEL 8, offers improved metadata resilience, Argon2 key derivation, and per-sector […]
Ceph is a highly scalable, self-healing distributed storage platform that provides object, block, and file storage from a single cluster. On RHEL 9, cephadm is the recommended deployment tool for the Reef release, using containers and SSH to bootstrap and manage cluster daemons without manual RPM installations. This tutorial covers deploying a basic Ceph cluster […]
GlusterFS is a scalable, distributed file system that aggregates storage from multiple servers into a single, unified namespace accessible over the network. Unlike block-level solutions such as iSCSI or Ceph, GlusterFS operates at the file level and requires no metadata server, making it straightforward to deploy and maintain. On RHEL 9, GlusterFS is available through […]
iSCSI (Internet Small Computer System Interface) is a network protocol that allows servers to access block-level storage over a TCP/IP network, enabling centralized storage management. On RHEL 9, configuring iSCSI involves setting up a storage target that exports block devices and an initiator that connects to and mounts those devices. This tutorial covers the full […]
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