A private Docker registry allows organisations to store and distribute container images internally, without relying on Docker Hub or a cloud registry. This is essential for teams working with proprietary application images that cannot be stored in public registries, organisations with strict data sovereignty requirements, and environments with limited internet access. Docker provides an official […]
Docker’s networking model allows containers to communicate with each other, with the host, and with external networks in a controlled, isolated manner. Docker creates three default networks: bridge (the default for standalone containers), host (shares the host’s network namespace — maximum performance, no isolation), and none (no networking). For production applications, custom bridge networks provide […]
Docker containers are ephemeral by default — all data written inside a container is lost when the container is removed. Docker provides two mechanisms for persisting data and sharing files between containers and the host: volumes (managed by Docker, stored in /var/lib/docker/volumes/) and bind mounts (map a host directory directly into a container). Volumes are […]
Ruby on Rails (Rails) is a full-stack web application framework built on Ruby that made convention-over-configuration and the MVC pattern mainstream in web development. Rails provides ActiveRecord (ORM), ActionController (routing and controllers), ActionView (templating with ERB/Haml), ActionMailer, ActiveJob (background jobs), ActionCable (WebSockets), and a comprehensive set of security defaults out of the box. A Rails […]
Spring Boot is the most widely used Java web framework, providing an opinionated, auto-configured platform for building standalone, production-ready applications. Spring Boot embeds an HTTP server (Tomcat, Jetty, or Undertow) directly in the application JAR, eliminating the need for a separate application server deployment. A Spring Boot application is packaged as an executable “fat JAR” […]
Flask is a lightweight Python web microframework that provides only the essentials: URL routing, request/response handling, and Jinja2 templating. Unlike Django, Flask does not include an ORM, authentication, or admin interface by default — these are added through extensions like SQLAlchemy, Flask-Login, and Flask-Admin. This minimalism makes Flask the ideal choice for REST APIs, microservices, […]
Django is a high-level Python web framework that follows the “batteries included” philosophy — it provides an ORM, authentication, admin interface, form validation, URL routing, templating, and security middleware out of the box. This makes Django the framework of choice for data-driven applications and content management systems where rapid development and maintainability matter. Django’s ORM […]
Composer is the de facto dependency manager for PHP. It resolves and installs PHP library dependencies declared in a project’s composer.json manifest, downloads them from Packagist (the central PHP package repository), generates an optimised autoloader, and manages version constraints with semantic versioning. Composer transformed PHP development by enabling the modern package-based ecosystem — frameworks like […]
Memcached is a high-performance, distributed in-memory key-value cache designed specifically for caching database query results, session data, and computed values. Unlike Redis, Memcached is deliberately simple — it does not support persistence, replication, or complex data types. This simplicity makes Memcached extremely fast and memory-efficient: it uses a slab allocator to eliminate memory fragmentation and […]
MariaDB Galera Cluster is a synchronous multi-primary cluster for MariaDB/MySQL that provides true high availability with no single point of failure. Unlike standard primary-replica replication where only one node accepts writes and replicas are read-only, Galera Cluster allows writes to any node simultaneously — all nodes are always primary, always in sync, and always up-to-date. […]
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