Redis (Remote Dictionary Server) is an in-memory data structure store used as a cache, session store, real-time leaderboard, pub/sub message broker, and rate-limiting backend. Redis stores all data in RAM with optional disk persistence, making it orders of magnitude faster than relational databases for lookups: sub-millisecond response times at millions of operations per second. Common […]
MongoDB is a document-oriented NoSQL database that stores data as BSON (Binary JSON) documents rather than rows in tables. This schema-flexible approach makes MongoDB ideal for applications with rapidly evolving data models, hierarchical data (product catalogs, user profiles, content management), geospatial queries, and high-volume write workloads. MongoDB 7.x introduced significant improvements including multi-document ACID transactions, […]
PostgreSQL (often called Postgres) is an advanced open-source relational database with a 35-year development history. Unlike MySQL/MariaDB, PostgreSQL prioritises SQL standards compliance, data integrity, and extensibility over speed-at-any-cost. PostgreSQL excels at complex queries, full-text search, JSONB document storage, geospatial data (PostGIS extension), and write-heavy workloads that require strong ACID compliance. It is the preferred database […]
MariaDB is a community-developed, fully open-source relational database and the default MySQL-compatible database in RHEL 9. It was created by the original MySQL developers after Oracle’s acquisition of MySQL and maintains complete protocol and API compatibility with MySQL applications. MariaDB 10.11 LTS is the current Long Term Support release, offering features that MySQL 8 does […]
MySQL is the world’s most widely deployed open-source relational database, powering WordPress, Magento, Drupal, and countless custom web applications. RHEL 9’s AppStream does not include MySQL directly — it ships MariaDB as the default MySQL-compatible database. To install the latest MySQL 8.4 LTS (or MySQL 8.0), you must add the official MySQL Community repository from […]
A LAMP stack — Linux, Apache HTTP Server, MySQL (or MariaDB), and PHP — is the original and most widely deployed open-source web hosting stack. It has powered millions of websites since the early 2000s and remains the default for hosting control panels (cPanel, Plesk, DirectAdmin) and many shared hosting environments. Apache’s .htaccess support, mod_rewrite, […]
A LEMP stack — Linux, Nginx, MySQL (or MariaDB), and PHP — is the standard modern web server stack for hosting PHP applications such as WordPress, Laravel, Drupal, and Magento. Compared to the traditional LAMP stack, Nginx handles concurrent requests more efficiently under high load due to its event-driven non-blocking architecture, making it the preferred […]
HAProxy (High Availability Proxy) is a battle-hardened open-source load balancer and proxy for TCP and HTTP workloads. Where Nginx load balancing is sufficient for simple round-robin HTTP distribution, HAProxy provides a richer feature set: advanced health checks with multiple failure thresholds, ACL-based routing, Layer 4 TCP load balancing for non-HTTP protocols (MySQL, Redis, SMTP), detailed […]
Rate limiting is a server-side defence that restricts how many requests a client can make within a time window. Without rate limiting, a single IP address or bot can flood your server with thousands of requests per second — crashing your application, exhausting your database connection pool, or triggering denial-of-service conditions. Nginx provides two rate […]
Load balancing distributes incoming requests across multiple backend servers, preventing any single server from becoming a bottleneck and providing horizontal scalability and fault tolerance. Nginx supports four load balancing methods natively: round-robin (the default), least connections, IP hash (session persistence), and weight-based. The upstream block defines the pool of backend servers and their weights, and […]
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