HAProxy (High Availability Proxy) is a battle-hardened open-source load balancer and proxy for TCP and HTTP workloads. Where Nginx load balancing is sufficient for simple round-robin HTTP distribution, HAProxy provides a richer feature set: advanced health checks with multiple failure thresholds, ACL-based routing, Layer 4 TCP load balancing for non-HTTP protocols (MySQL, Redis, SMTP), detailed […]
Load balancing distributes incoming requests across multiple backend servers, preventing any single server from becoming a bottleneck and providing horizontal scalability and fault tolerance. Nginx supports four load balancing methods natively: round-robin (the default), least connections, IP hash (session persistence), and weight-based. The upstream block defines the pool of backend servers and their weights, and […]
Automated task scheduling is the backbone of server maintenance: backups run at 3 AM, log cleanup happens daily, SSL certificates renew before they expire, and databases are vacuumed weekly. On RHEL 9, there are three scheduling mechanisms each suited to different scenarios. cron is the classic daemon that runs jobs on a schedule defined by […]
rsync is the Swiss Army knife of file synchronisation for Linux administrators. Unlike scp, which blindly copies every file every time, rsync computes a rolling checksum to identify changed file blocks and transfers only what has changed — making subsequent syncs dramatically faster and less bandwidth-intensive. It preserves file attributes (permissions, ownership, timestamps, ACLs, extended […]
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 (RHEL 9, codenamed “Plow”) is the most significant release of RHEL in years, built on Linux kernel 5.14, OpenSSL 3.0, and shipped with a hardened-by-default security posture including SELinux enforcing mode, nftables as the default firewall backend, and full support for the latest POWER, ARM, and x86_64 architectures. Whether you […]
SSH key-based authentication is the gold standard for remote server access. Unlike passwords, SSH keys cannot be guessed by brute-force attacks. An Ed25519 private key is a 256-bit secret that would take longer than the age of the universe to crack by exhaustive search. When combined with a key passphrase, you have two-factor authentication: something […]
Every Linux administrator needs a reliable toolkit for answering the question “why is this server slow?” The answer is almost always in one of four resources: CPU, memory, disk I/O, or network. RHEL 9 includes several powerful tools for diagnosing resource contention: top is included in every base installation and provides a real-time process table; […]
Systemd is the init system and service manager for RHEL 9 — it is PID 1, the parent of every other process on the system. Understanding how to manage systemd services is foundational to every other administrative task: installing Nginx means enabling the nginx service; configuring a database means understanding its unit file; debugging a […]
The sudo (superuser do) tool allows designated users to run commands with elevated privileges without sharing the root password. This is fundamental to the principle of least privilege: each administrator gets exactly the access they need for their role, no more. When access is misconfigured — for example with blanket ALL=(ALL) ALL entries or unsafe […]
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